Consequences of Exploration for Europeans and the Indigenous Peoples Essay Example for Free

Consequences of Exploration for Europeans and the Indigenous Peoples Essay In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean bearing the name of the Spanish Crown in hopes that he had landed in the Indies of Asia using a direct sea route. Though that is not where he landed, his New World was a place of great wealth, new materials and crops, new source of labor, and new land for the European nations. The consequences for the native people of the Americas were much worse with devastating death tolls, enslavement, new diseases and racist attitudes towards them. Though it would not be fair to say that the Europeans did not share in negative consequences or that the indigenous people did not gain any advantages. The greatest negative consequences for the Europeans due to the European expansion are a devastating economic revolution, and the introduction of the venereal disease Syphilis. Once the Spanish began to mine the precious ores of America the wealth of Spain underwent a major transformation. Demanding one-fifth of all profit, the Crown became immensely rich and this showed in their influence on the rest of Europe, seeing that other countries now lacked the material wealth of Spain. Throughout this time of great wealth the population rose steadily in Spain. With population increase, came an increased demand for food and merchandise. Spain had expelled a large amount of their skilled farmers, workers, merchants and businessmen during the Inquisition when they cleansed their country of the Jewish and Muslim people. Along with the demand in Spain, the demand for Spanish and European products in the Americas also became hard to keep up with. With the ever-increasing influx of silver bullion the prices in Spain began to rise and the inflation quadrupled the prices of everything within thirty years. In 1556, Martin de Azpilcueta Navarro, a Spanish canon lawyer, writes about the influx of American silver as the cause of the inflation. We see by experience that in France, where money is scarcer than in Spain, bread, wine, cloth, and labour are worth much less. And even in Spain, in times when money was scarcer, saleable goods and labour were given for very much less than after the discovery of the Indies, which flooded the country with gold and silver. The reason for this is that money is worth more where and when it is scarce than where and when it is abundant. Along with this, the Spanish king Philip II spent more money on outside enterprises to worsen his countries debt. When needing to pay his debt to other countries, he also paid in silver bullion spreading the inflation to the rest of Europe. The discovery of the Americas led Europe to inflation and increased prices and Spain to almost complete debt by the seventeenth century. Besides silver and gold, the native people of the Americas passed Syphilis on to the Spanish who came to settle there. In five year time, Syphilis had spread to Russia from the European Atlantic coast. Though it could not be proven, Syphilis is thought to have originated in Espaniola because no evidence of Syphilis exists in Europe before 1493. These open sores, boils, and aches in the joints caused excruciating pains to many Europeans due to this quickly widespread venereal disease. The only proven effective way to treat Syphilis was from drinking the boiled bark of the guaiacum tree which only grew in Espaniola. Though no exact numbers were calculated for Syphilis it could not be compared to the death tolls that the European diseases left on the Indian populations. In a period of 130 years, something like 95 percent of all Native Americans died of disease. That number is far greater than experts (until recently) had ever suspected. The Native Americans who survived the plagues were, of course, completely demoralized and depressed by this tremendous loss of their loved ones, of their lifestyle, and of their ancient culture. (Bib 2. ) The 95 percent population loss of the Natives was staggering compared to probably one percent death caused by Syphilis. Thus though Syphilis was a negative consequence of European expansion it proved minor compare to the Indigenous peoples loss due to European disease. Besides new crops and animals the indigenous people were introduced to new religions, medicines and ways of life that helped better themselves. Christianity was introduced to the indigenous people thanks to very ardent Catholicism from the Spanish and Portuguese. These Christians taught of love, equality and a heaven after death for those who acted well on earth. For many indigenous people this religion called to them and they were converted. Those who did not convert voluntarily were either forced to convert or killed. The native people actually became very passionate about this religion and even followed religious doctrines more closely than the Spanish conquistadors. The natives began to spread peace and love as a bigger doctrine than territory fighting which shows how religion was a positive outcome from European expansion. New technology and medicine helped more effectively cure the local people and brought new light to the topic. In Pre-Colombian times the Indian populations would come to the ailing and stay by their side through illness thus probably catching the illness themselves, the Europeans taught to isolate the sick and better medicines to treat them. The lives that new medicines saved in the Americas is immeasurable but probably still do not compare to the lives lost from European diseases. New technologies such as guns, steel and sailing equipment helped build stronger weapons than the ones previously possessed by Indians, and a new material from which objects could be made. Very strong steel could be used to make protection from swords and swords themselves thus fortifying indigenous peoples ability to make weapons, protect themselves, and hunt. Many thousands of things brought from Europe helped make indigenous life better such as candles to light the night and paper so writing and language could be better developed. Though much understated there were many positive outcomes from European expansion to the indigenous people of the Americas and even a few negative outcomes for the Europeans themselves. More often than not, when talking about the European expansion into America, the Europeans seem to get much better rewards from their expansion. And they actually did. They reaped much higher rewards from their conquest of the Americas than the indigenous people, yet it cannot be forgotten that both peoples had multiple sides to their gains and losses due to European expansion. Bibliography Quotes: {draw:frame} 1. Why were Native Americans so vulnerable to European diseases? (article). Articles on how to feel good more often and get more done. Web. 10 Oct. 2009. http://www. youmeworks. com/why_native_americans. html. Galloway, J. H. The Sugar Cane Industry An Historical Geography from its Origins to 1914 (Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography). New York: Cambridge UP, 2005. Print. American Indian past and present. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 2008. Print. Other Info: Spanish colonization of the Americas -. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas. Native Americans in the United States European colonization. Spiritus-Temporis. com Historical Events, Latest News, News Archives. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. http://www. spiritus-temporis. com/native-americans-in-the-united-states/european-colonization. html.

Public Prayers at High School Sporting Events Essays -- essays researc

Public Prayers at High School Sporting Events The Supreme Court has just received Santa Fe v the people, in this case the students was banned from saying a prayer at a foot ball game . The constitution protects the right to free speech. Therefore, there is no reason for this case to have come up in the first place. If someone does not want to hear a prayer, they do not have to listen to it. If I were the judge I would rule that banning prayer at school events is unconstitutional. The first reason I would use that banning prayer is unconstitutional is the first amendment to the constitution says, â€Å" Congress shall make no laws against free expression of religion†. The right to free expression of religion is one of the fundamental freedoms this country was founded on. Therefore, if Cong...

Book Review: Soft Skills for Success

Author informationGRK Murty, a postgraduate in Agricultural sciences with CAIIB, DM and PG Diploma in Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, is currently working for The ICFAI University, as Associate Dean. Earlier, he worked at AP Agricultural University, Hyderabad for six years and later with Bank of India for 27 years. He had a stint at Bank of India Management Development Institute, Mumbai as a faculty member and Vice- Principal. He took voluntary retirement as Asst. General Manager in the year 2000.He has published around 45 papers in Science, Banking, Management and Insurance journals. He has also presented papers on Banking and Insurance at National and International seminars. He has published 100 articles in finance and HR magazines. He has to his credit two edited books: Forex Markets: Exchange Rate Dynamics; and Derivatives Markets – Vol 1. He is the Consulting Editor for the ICFAI Journal of Bank Management.The Book There is a popular belief that in todayâ⠂¬â„¢s fast changing and challenging business environment, ‘soft skills’ are more critical for success than hard skills. This is a misconception. The reality is that it has always been that way! Nobody in history ever succeeded in delivering a great executive and business performance consistently through hard skills alone. General and widespread awareness of the tremendous importance of soft skills in management is, of course, a more recent phenomenon. As the world has become  more and more competitive in recent decades, organizations are finding that under-productivity and incompetence of their personnel are becoming less and less affordable.And when the factors determining employee effectiveness are analyzed, many organizations find glaring inadequacies in soft skills, undermining the effectiveness of their smartest, hardest working and most knowledgeable employees/executives. The managers concerned would not have been recruited in the first place for their soft ski lls; at the recruitment stage, their domain knowledge alone would have been comprehensively tested and retested. Nor would they have received any particularly meaningful training subsequently in soft skills improvement, because until recently, soft skills seldom received the attention they deserved. Most organizations worked on the premise that soft skills are inherited skills and they cannot be acquired.At best, they can only be cultivated, honed or fine-tuned along the way in a managerial or executive career through observation and experience. In the actual experience of many organizations, such hopes seem to have been significantly belied, inevitably warranting resort, in recent decades, to a more professional approach for the enrichment of this critically important managerial input within the organization. The imperatives of competitiveness pushed organizations to give increased attention to the soft skills of their people, which seemed to really script the success of organizati ons better than mere hard skills. The problem has been extensively discussed and researched upon, resulting in the emergence of a whole lot of literature on the subject in the last couple of decades.A lot of work has been done on the assessment of soft skills and on the various measures for improvements in the levels of such skills across the cadres in many progressive organizations. Soft Skills for Success by GRK Murty, discusses the whole gamut of soft skills in a lucid, persuasive and self-explanatory fashion, between the covers of a well-written, 200-page volume. The treatment is intended for the lay reader and is quite free from jargon. Even so, the book is comprehensive without being pedantic. By drawing generously upon the views, ideas and thoughts of a wide spectrum of management experts, academics and business magnates and matching them with the traditional wisdom of the prescriptions of oriental and occidental scriptures and classics, the book invests itself with credibili ty and authority. The author organizes the book in four sections.The first section  titled â€Å"Know Thyself† introduces the reader to a definition and description of soft skills. The second section focuses on role, role perception and the management of role-conflicts in the work situation. It has a chapter exclusively dedicated to the discussion of creativity in the workplace. The third section on â€Å"Communication and Personality Differentiation† offers cogent and well argued essays on communication skills, listening skills and negotiating skills, in separate chapters. The fourth and final section is dedicated to interpersonal skills. The six interesting chapters in this section deal with issues like assertiveness, handling of interpersonal conflicts, counseling, leadership, mentoring, etc.CriticismThe author provides a systematic and uncomplicated treatment of the various topics taken up for coverage. The book is compact without being dense, and takes the reade r through a guided tour of the soft skills domain. It is an interesting and informative excursion. Given the importance of the subject matter of the book to the aspirants in the employment market as also to those already pursuing careers in management (adequately equipped with appropriate hard skills for jobs but looking out for reinforcement of soft skills), and given the orderly and stimulating manner in which the subject has been presented, it can fairly and safely be predicted that the book would see several reprints in the years to come.ConclusionSoft Skills are intangible, hard to define but that’s what makes us a whole human being, a social individual. Successful people are always found to be not just professional but they also have these ‘PLUS’ qualities – ‘soft skills’ – that others do not posses

1600s 1700s Military History Timeline

Timeline Home | to 1000 | 1001-1200 | 1201-1400 | 1401-1600 | 1801-1900 | 1901-present 1600s 1602 - Eighty Years War: Maurice of Orange captures Grave 1609 - Eighty Years War: The Twelve Years Truce ends fighting between the United Provinces and Spain May 23, 1618 - Thirty Years War: The Second Defenestration of Prague leads to the outbreak of the conflict November 8, 1620 - Thirty Years War: Ferdinand II defeats Ferdinand V at the Battle of White Mountain April 25, 1626 - Thirty Years War: Albrecht von Wallenstein leads Catholic forces to victory at the Battle of Dessau Bridge September 17, 1631 - Thirty Years War: Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus win the Battle of Breitenfeld November 16, 1632 - Thirty Years War: Swedish troops win the Battle of Là ¼tzen, but Gustavus Adolphus is killed in the fighting 1634-1638 - American Colonies: English settles and their Native American allies win the Pequot War December 17, to April 15, 1638 - Shimabara Rebellion: A peasant rebellion takes place on Japans Shimabara Peninsula September 23, 1642 - English Civil War: Royalist and Parliamentarian forces clash at the Battle of Powick Bridge October 23, 1642 - English Civil War: The first pitched battle of the conflict is fought at Edgehill May 19, 1643 - Thirty Years War: French troops win the Battle of Roncroi July 13, 1643 - English Civil War: The Royalists win the Battle of Roundway Down September 20, 1643 - English Civil War: Royalist and Parliamentary forces meet at the First Battle of Newbury December 13, 1643 - English Civil War: Parliamentary troops win the Battle of Alton July 2, 1644 - English Civil War: Parliamentary forces win the Battle of Marston Moor June 14, 1645 - English Civil War: Parliamentarian troops crush Royalist forces at the Battle of Naseby July 10, 1645 - English Civil War: Sir Thomas Fairfax wins the Battle of Langport September 24, 1645 - English Civil War: Parliamentarian forces win the Battle of Rowton Heath May 15 October 24, 1648 - Thirty Years War: The Peace of Westphalia ends both the Thirty and Eighty Years War August 17-19, 1648 - English Civil War: Oliver Cromwell wins the Battle of Preston September 3, 1651 - English Civil War: Parliamentarian forces win the Battle of Worcester July 10, 1652 - First Anglo-Dutch War: The English Parliament declares war on the Dutch Republic May 8, 1654 - First Anglo-Dutch War: The Treaty of Westminster ends the conflict 1654 - Anglo-Spanish War: Driven by commercial rivalry, England declares war on Spain September 1660 - Anglo-Spanish War: After the restoration of Charles II, the war comes to an end March 4, 1665 - Second Anglo-Dutch War: The conflict begins after the Dutch permit their ships to fire when threatened May 24, 1667 - War of Devolution: France invades the Spanish Netherlands starting the war June 9-14, 1667 - Second Anglo-Dutch War: Admiral Michiel de Ruyter leads a successful raid on the Medway July 31, 1667 - Second Anglo-Dutch War: The Treaty of Breda ends the conflict May 2, 1668 - War of Devolution: Louis XIV agrees to the Triple Alliances demands bringing the war to a close April 6, 1672 - Third Anglo-Dutch War: England joins France and declares war on the Dutch Republic February 19, 1674 - Third Anglo-Dutch War: The Second Peace of Westminster ends the war June 20, 1675 - King Philips War: A band of Pokanoket warriors attacks the Plymouth colony opening the war August 12, 1676 - King Philips War: King Philip is killed by colonists effectively ending the war 1681 - War of 27 Years: Fighting begins between the Marathas and Mughals in India 1683 - War of the Holy League: Pope Innocent XI forms the Holy League to block Ottoman expansion in Europe September 24, 1688 - War of the Grand Alliance: Fighting begins as the Grand Alliance forms to contain French expansion July 27, 1689 - Jacobite Risings: Jacobite forces under Viscount Dundee win the Battle of Killiecrankie July 12, 1690 - War of the Grand Alliance: William III defeats James II at the Battle of the Boyne February 13, 1692 - Glorious Revolution: Members of Clan MacDonald are attacked during the Glencoe Massacre September 20, 1697 - War of the Grand Alliance: The Treaty of Ryswick ends the War of the Grand Alliance January 26, 1699 - War of the Holy League: The Ottomans sign the Treaty of Karlowitz ending the war February 1700 - Great Northern War: Fighting begins between Sweden, Russia, Demark, and Saxony 1701 - War of the Spanish Succession: Fighting begins as an alliance of Britain, the Holy Roman Empire, Dutch Republic, Prussia, Portugal, and Denmark declare war to prevent a French succession to the Spanish throne February 29, 1704 - Queen Annes War: French and Native American forces conduct the Raid on Deerfield August 13, 1704 - War of the Spanish Succession: The Duke of Marlborough wins the Battle of Blenheim May 23, 1706 - War of the Spanish Succession: Grand Alliance forces under Marlborough win the Battle of Ramillies 1707 - War of 27 Years: The Mughals are defeated ending the war July 8, 1709 - Great Northern War: Swedish forces are crushed at the Battle of Poltava March/April 1713 - War of the Spanish Succession: The Treaty of Utrecht ends the war December 17, 1718 - War of the Quadruple Alliance: The French, British, and Austrians declare war on Spain after Spanish troops land on Sardinia and Sicily June 10, 1719 - Jacobite Risings: Jacobite forces are beaten at the Battle of Glen Shiel February 17, 1720 - War of the Quadruple Alliance: The Treaty of The Hague ends the fighting August 20, 1721 - Great Northern War: The Treaty of Nystad ends the Great Northern War July 1722 - Russo-Persian War: Russian troops embark for an invasion of Iran September 12, 1723 - Russo-Persian War: The Russians compel Tahmasp II to sign a peace treaty Timeline Home | to 1000 | 1001-1200 | 1201-1400 | 1401-1600 | 1801-1900 | 1901-present 1730s February 1, 1733 - War of the Polish Succession: Augustus II dies creating the succession crisis that leads to war November 18, 1738 - War of the Polish Succession: The Treaty of Vienna settles the succession crisis December 16, 1740 - War of the Austrian Succession: Frederick the Great of Prussia invades Silesia opening the conflict April 10, 1741 - War of the Austrian Succession: Prussian forces win the Battle of Mollwitz June 27, 1743 - War of the Austrian Succession: The Pragmatic Army under King George II wins the Battle of Dettingen May 11, 1745 - War of the Austrian Succession: French troops win the Battle of Fontenoy June 28, 1754 - War of the Austrian Succession: Colonial forces complete the Siege of Louisbourg September 21, 1745 - Jacobite Uprising: Prince Charles forces win the Battle of Prestonpans April 16, 1746 - Jacobite Uprising: Jacobite forces are defeated by the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Culloden October 18, 1748 - War of the Austrian Succession: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the conflict July 4, 1754 - French Indian War: Lt. Colonel George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to the French July 9, 1755 - French Indian War: Major General Edward Braddock is routed at the Battle of the Monongahela September 8, 1755 - French Indian War: British and colonial forces defeat the French at the Battle of Lake George June 23, 1757 - Seven Years War: Colonel Robert Clive wins the Battle of Plassey in India November 5, 1757 - Seven Years War: Frederick the Great wins the Battle of Rossbach December 5, 1757 - Seven Years War: Frederick the Great triumphs at the Battle of Leuthen June 8-July 26, 1758 - French Indian War: British forces conduct the successful Siege of Louisbourg June 20, 1758 - Seven Years War: Austria troops defeat the Prussians at the Battle of Domstadtl July 8, 1758 - French Indian War: British forces are beaten at the Battle of Carillon August 1, 1759 - Seven Years War: Allied forces defeat the French at the Battle of Minden September 13, 1759 - French Indian War: Major General James Wolfe wins the Battle of Quebec but is killed in the fighting November 20, 1759 - Seven Years War: Admiral Sir Edward Hawke wins the Battle of Quiberon Bay February 10, 1763 - Seven Years War: The Treaty of Paris ends the war in a victory for Britain and its allies August 5-6, 1763 - Pontiacs Rebellion: The British win the Battle of Bushy Run September 25, 1768 - Russo-Turkish War: The Ottoman Empire declares war on Russia following a border incident at Balta March 5, 1770 - Prelude to the American Revolution: British troops fire into a crowd at the Boston Massacre July 21, 1774 - Russo-Turkish War: The Treaty of Kuà §uk Kainarji ends the war in a Russian victory April 19, 1775 - American Revolution: The war begins with the Battles of Lexington Concord April 19, 1775-March 17, 1776 - American Revolutin: American troops conduct the Siege of Boston May 10, 1775 - American Revolution: American forces capture Fort Ticonderoga June 11-12, 1775 - American Revolution: American naval forces win the Battle of Machias June 17, 1775 - American Revolution: The British win a bloody victory at the Battle of Bunker Hill September 17-November 3, 1775 - American Revolution: American forces win the Siege of Fort St. Jean December 9, 1775 - American Revolution: Patriot forces win the Battle of Great Bridge December 31, 1775 - American Revolution: American forces are turned back at the Battle of Quebec February 27, 1776 - American Revolution: Patriot forces win the Battle of Moores Creek Bridge in North Carolian March 3-4, 1776 - American Revolution: American forces win the Battle of Nassau in the Bahama June 28, 1776 - American Revolution: The British at defeated near Charleston, SC at the Battle of Sullivans Island August 27, 1776 - American Revolution: Gen. George Washington is defeated at the Battle of Long Island September 16, 1776 - American Revolution: American troops win the Battle of Harlem Heights October 11, 1776 - American Revolution: Naval forces on Lake Champlain fight the Battle of Valcour Island October 28, 1776 - American Revolution: The British force the Americans to retreat at the Battle of White Plains November 16, 1776 - American Revolution: British troops win the Battle of Fort Washington December 26, 1776 - American Revolution: American troops win a daring victory at the Battle of Trenton January 2, 1777 - American Revolution: American troops hold at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek near Trenton, NJ January 3, 1777 - American Revolution: American forces win the Battle of Princeton April 27, 1777 - American Revolution: British forces win the Battle of Ridgefield July 2-6, 1777 - American Revolution: British forces win the Siege of Fort Tinconderoga July 7, 1777 - American Revolution: Colonel Seth Warner fights a determined rearguard action at the Battle of Hubbardton August 6, 1777 - American Revolution: American forces are beaten at the Battle of Oriskany September 3, 1777 - American Revolution: American and British troops clash at the Battle of Coochs Bridge September 11, 1777 - American Revolution - The Continental Army is defeated at the Battle of Brandywine September 26-November 16, 1777 - American Revolution: American forces fight the Siege of Fort Mifflin October 4, 1777 - American Revolution: British forces win the Battle of Germantown September 19 October 7, 1777 - American Revolution: Continental forces win the Battle of Saratoga Decebmer 19, 1777-June 19, 1778 - American Revolution: The Continental Army winters at Valley Forge June 28, 1778 - American Revolution: American troops engage the British at the Battle of Monmouth July 3, 1778 - American Revolution: Colonial forces are beaten at the Battle of Wyoming August 29, 1778 - American Revolution: The Battle of Rhode Island is fought north of Newport February 14, 1779 - American Revolution: American forces win the Battle of Kettle Creek July 16, 1779 - American Revolution: Brigadier General Anthony Wayne wins the Battle of Stony Point July 24-August 12, 1779 - American Revolution: The American Penobscot Expedition is defeated August 19, 1779 - American Revolution: Battle of Paulus Hook is fought September 16-October 18, 1779 - American Revolution: French American troops conduct the failed Siege of Savannah September 23, 1779 - American Revolution: John Paul Jones captures HMS Serapis March 29-May 12 - American Revolution: British forces win the Siege of Charleston May 29, 1780 - American Revolution: American forces are defeated at the Battle of Waxhaws October 7, 1780 - American Revolution: American militia wins the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina January 17, 1781 - American Revolution: Brig. Gen. Daniel Morgan wins the Battle of Cowpens March 15, 1781 - American Revolution: American troops bleed the British at the Battle of Guilford Court House April 25, 1781 - American Revolution: British troops win the Battle of Hobkirks Hill in South Carolina September 5, 1781 - American Revolution: French naval forces win the Battle of the Chesapeake September 8, 1781 - American Revolution: British and American forces clash at the Battle of Eutaw Springs October 19, 1781 - American Revolution: General Lord Charles Cornwallis surrenders to Gen. George Washington ending the Siege of Yorktown April 9-12, 1782 - The British win the Battle of the Saintes September 3, 1783 - American Revolution: American independence is granted and the war concluded by the Treaty of Paris April 28, 1789 - Royal Navy: Acting Lieutenant Fletcher Christian deposes Lieutenant William Bligh during the Mutiny on the Bounty July 9-10, 1790 - Russo-Swedish War: Swedish naval forces triumph in the Battle of Svensksund April 20, 1792 - Wars of the French Revolution: The French Assembly votes to declare war on Austria beginning a series of conflicts in Europe September 20, 1792 - Wars of the French Revolution: French forces win a victory over Prussia at the Battle of Valmy June 1, 1794 - Wars of the French Revolution: Admiral Lord Howe defeats the French fleet at the Glorious First of June August 20, 1794 - Northwest Indian War: General Anthony Wayne defeats the Western Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers July 7, 1798 - Quasi-War: The US Congress rescinds all treaties with France beginning an undeclared naval war August 1/2, 1798 - Wars of the French Revolution: Rear Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson destroys a French fleet at the Battle of the Nile